L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; NetworksReturn

Business R&D spending has been shown to exert both direct and indirect positive effects on value added. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the returns to R&D has seldom been examined. Using detailed sectoral data from Czechia over the period 1995-2015, this study finds that privately funded business R&D has both direct and spillover effects, but that the publicly funded part of business R&D only leads to spillovers. The results further suggest that both upstream and downstream spillovers matter, regardless of the source of funding, and that during the period studied, R&D returns were heavily affected by the economic crisis. Lastly, private R&D offers significant returns only after reaching a critical mass, while the effects of public R&D spending do not display such non-linearity. This heterogeneity in the returns to business R&D should be reflected in innovation policy design.

The aim of this paper is to foster discussion on the issue of cooperation patterns typical for the supply side of the tourism market. Poland is used as a case study and an email survey was conducted in order to gather the relevant information from Polish tourist companies, mostly SMEs. The data obtained are analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques: factor analysis and logistic regression. Aside from cooperation between tourism firms, attention is also paid to relations between tourism firms and their partners in other sectors of the economy. The authors argue that there are certain characteristic groups of partners with which companies operating on the tourism market usually cooperate. The study also found that the size of a company affects its ability to cooperate with particular groups of partners.