Prague Economic Papers 2025, 34(1):26-44 | DOI: 10.18267/j.pep.887

Does Public Debt Crowd Out Public Investment in Central and Eastern European economies? A Dynamic Approach Using CS-ARDL

Milena Konatar ORCID..., Jovan Đurašković, Nemanja Popović ORCID..., Milivoje Radović
Milena Konatar: corresponding author, Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Jovan Đurašković: Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Nemanja Popović: Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Milivoje Radović: Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

This study estimates the impact of public debt on public investment in Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies. We implement Cross-sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model, which effectively handles cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, while dealing with short- and long-run coefficients simultaneously. The results indicate the existence of both short- and long-term crowding out effects of public debt on public investment in the CEE region. These findings have significant fiscal policy repercussions, particularly in context marked by constrained financial resources and substantial debt loads, as has been the case in a number of CEE economies.

Keywords: public debt, public investment, CEE countries, CS-ARDL
JEL classification: C33, E22, E60, O52

Received: November 25, 2024; Revised: February 26, 2025; Accepted: March 11, 2025; Published: May 7, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Konatar, M., Đurašković, J., Popović, N., & Radović, M. (2025). Does Public Debt Crowd Out Public Investment in Central and Eastern European economies? A Dynamic Approach Using CS-ARDL. Prague Economic Papers34(1), 26-44. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.887
Download citation

References

  1. Afonso, A., Jalles, J. T. (2013). Fiscal Composition and Long-Term Growth. Applied Economics, 46(3), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.848030 Go to original source...
  2. Andrade, J. S., Duarte, A. (2016). Does Sovereign Debt Ratings Affect Euro Area CDS Spreads? FEP Working Papers, No. 59, Faculty of Economics, University of Porto.
  3. Bacchiocchi, E., Borghi, E., Missale, A. (2011). Public Investment under Fiscal Constraints. Fiscal Studies, 32(1), 11-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2011.00126.x Go to original source...
  4. Blanchard, O. J., Leigh, D. (2013). Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers. American Economic Review, 103(3), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.117 Go to original source...
  5. Calderón, C., Easterly, W., Servén, L. (2003). Latin America's Infrastructure in the Era of Macroeconomic Crisis. In: Easterly, W., Servén, L. (eds.), The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits and Growth in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Go to original source...
  6. Carvelli, G. (2023). The Long‑run Effects of Government Expenditure on Private Investments: A Panel CS‑ARDL Approach. Journal of Economics and Finance, 47, 620-645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-023-09617-y Go to original source...
  7. Cecchetti, S. G., Mohanty, M., Zampolli, F. (2011). Achieving Growth amid Fiscal Imbalances: The Real Effects of Debt. Economic Symposium Conference Proceedings, 352(8), 145-196.
  8. Checherita-Westphal, C., Rother, P. (2012). The Impact of High Government Public Debt on Economic Growth and its Channels: An Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area. European Economic Review, 56(7), 1392-1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.06.007 Go to original source...
  9. Chudik, A., Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common Correlated Effects Estimation of Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Data Models with Weakly Exogenous Regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007 Go to original source...
  10. De Haan, J., Sturm, J. E., Sikken, B. J. (1996). Government Capital Formation: Explaining the Decline. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 132(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707902 Go to original source...
  11. De Mendonça, H. F., Brito, Y. (2021). The Link between Public Debt and Investment: An Empirical Assessment from Emerging Markets. Applied Economics, 53(50), 5864-5876. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1931008 Go to original source...
  12. Deshpande, A. (1997). The Debt Overhang and the Disincentive to Invest. Journal of Development Economics, 52, 169-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00435-X Go to original source...
  13. Ditzen, J. (2018). Estimating Dynamic Common-correlated Effects in Stata. Stata Journal, 18(3), 585-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1801800306 Go to original source...
  14. Ditzen, J. (2021). Estimating Long-run Effects and the Exponent of Cross-sectional Dependence: An Update to Xtdcce2. Stata Journal, 21(3), 687-707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X211045560 Go to original source...
  15. Elmendorf, D. W., Mankiw, N. G. (1999). Government Debt. In: Taylor, J. B., Woodford, M. (eds.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, 1615-1669. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0048(99)10038-7 Go to original source...
  16. European Investment Bank. (2018). Wind of Change: Investment in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. European Investment Bank.
  17. Fincke, B., Greiner, A. (2015). Public Debt and Economic Growth in Emerging Market Economies. South African Journal of Economics, 83(3), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12079 Go to original source...
  18. Guerini, M., Moneta, A., Napoletano, M., Roventini, A. (2020). The Janus-faced Nature of Debt: Results from a Data-driven Cointegrated SVAR Approach. Macroeconomic Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100518000445 Go to original source...
  19. Heinemann, F. (2006). Factor Mobility, Government Debt and the Decline in Public Investment. International Economics and Economic Policy, 3, 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-005-0043-z Go to original source...
  20. Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
  21. Konatar, M., Đurašković, J., Cerović Smolović, J., Radović, M. (2022). Does Public Debt Affect Economic Growth? Panel Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe. Politická ekonomie, 70(5), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1365 Go to original source...
  22. Kostarakos, I. (2021). Public Debt and Aggregate Investment in the EU. Applied Economics Letters, 29(15), 1358-1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1931655 Go to original source...
  23. Mahdavi, S. (2004). Shifts in the Composition of Government Spending in Response to External Debt Burden. World Development, 32(7), 1139-1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.01.011 Go to original source...
  24. Mourelle, E., Cuestas, J. C. (2023). Investment Dynamics in Central and Eastern Europe: A Nonlinear Approach. Post-Communist Economies, 35(5), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2023.2209296 Go to original source...
  25. Pattillo, C., Poirson, H., Ricci, L. A. (2004). What Are the Channels Through Which External Debt Affects Growth? Working Paper, No. 04/15, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Go to original source...
  26. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951 Go to original source...
  27. Pesaran, M. H., Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 Go to original source...
  28. Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing Weak Cross-sectional Dependence in Large Panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623. Go to original source...
  29. Picarelli, M. O., Vanlaer, W., Marneffe, W. (2019). Does Public Debt Produce a Crowding Out Effect for Public Investment in the EU? European Stability Mechanism Working Paper, No. 36. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3376471 Go to original source...
  30. Reinhart, C. M., Rogoff, K. S. (2010). Growth in a Time of Debt. American Economic Review, 100(2), 573-578. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.573 Go to original source...
  31. Salotti, S., Trecroci, C. (2016). The Impact of Government Debt, Expenditure and Taxes on Aggregate Investment and Productivity Growth. Economica, 83(330), 356-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12175 Go to original source...
  32. Turan, T., Yanikkaya, H., Ozer, H. (2021). Economic Growth Effects of Public and Private Investment: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Estimation for Developed and Developing Countries. Prague Economic Papers, 5, 613-631. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.781 Go to original source...
  33. Turrini, A. (2004). Public Investment and the EU Fiscal Framework. Report, No. 202, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, Brussels.
  34. Valila, T., Mehrotra, A. (2005). Evolution and Determinants of Public Investment in Europe. European Investment Bank Economic and Financial Report, 01.
  35. Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x Go to original source...
  36. Woo, J., Kumar, M. S. (2015). Public Debt and Growth. Economica, 82(328), 705-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12138 Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.