Prague Economic Papers 2022, 31(5):377-397 | DOI: 10.18267/j.pep.817

Bitcoin Transaction Fees, Miners' Revenue, Concentration and Electricity Consumption: A Failing Ecosystem

Frederik Recha, Chen Yana, Amon Bagonza ORCID...a, Lubomir Pinter ORCID...b, Hussam Musab
a Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Department of Accounting, Dalian, China
b Matej Bel University, Faculty of Economics, Department of Finance and Accounting, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

The research and investment community seems to ignore the long-term sustainability of Bitcoin, which is reflected in four flaws: transaction fees, miners' revenue, concentration and electricity consumption. While most of the authors have aimed to examine one topic at a time, with a particular interest in electricity consumption and carbon footprint, the aim of this paper is to examine all these issues simultaneously to provide a more comprehensive view on long-term sustainability of Bitcoin. This paper looks at these flaws and reveals why Bitcoin is not sustainable in the long run, how decentralization is being lost, how the design is putting artificial and unrealistic pressure on the ecosystem, while all being powered by an unjustifiable amount of dirty electricity sources. Our main findings are as follows. Firstly, transaction fees are already high and set to increase in time, further discriminating small transactions against big ones. Secondly, miners' revenue comes mostly from the block reward. The block reward is the main income source for miners, but is set to be cut on a regular basis, making miners' revenue not sustainable in the long run. Thirdly, miner concentration is already an issue, with a possibility of deepening even more and diminishing the idea of decentralization. Fourthly, the high electricity demand and the associated carbon footprint thus cannot be justified by any means. We deem our results useful for overall policy and regulatory implications.

Keywords: Bitcoin, transaction fees, miners' revenue, miner concentration, Electricity consumption
JEL classification: E14, F39, G19

Received: November 18, 2021; Revised: June 7, 2022; Accepted: September 15, 2022; Published: December 5, 2022  Show citation

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Rech, F., Yan, C., Bagonza, A., Pinter, L., & Musa, H. (2022). Bitcoin Transaction Fees, Miners' Revenue, Concentration and Electricity Consumption: A Failing Ecosystem. Prague Economic Papers, 31(5), 377-397. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.817
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